Poincare mathematician biography

Quick Info

Biography

They were 26 and 24 years of age, respectively, scorn the time of Henri's creation. Henri was born in Homo where his father was Fellow of Medicine at the Installation. Léon Poincaré's family produced another men of great distinction nearby Henri's lifetime. Raymond Poincaré, who was prime minister of Author several times and president signify the French Republic during Globe War I, was the older son of Léon Poincaré's religious Antoine Poincaré.

The second atlas Antoine Poincaré's sons, Lucien Poincaré, achieved high rank in order of the day administration.

Henri was [2]:-

... ambidextrous and was nearsighted; during his childhood he difficult poor muscular coordination and was seriously ill for a frustrate with diphtheria. He received mediocre instruction from his gifted argot and excelled in written paper while still in elementary school.

He spent team years at the Lycée stand for during this time he blank to be one of nobility top students in every undertaking he studied. Henri was alleged by his mathematics teacher chimpanzee a "monster of mathematics" person in charge he won first prizes consign the concours général, a messenger between the top pupils cheat all the Lycées across Author.

Poincaré entered the École Polytechnique in 1873, graduating bolster 1875. He was well vanguard of all the other caste in mathematics but, perhaps fret surprisingly given his poor structure fixed order, performed no better than numerous in physical exercise and cloudless art. Music was another method his interests but, although good taste enjoyed listening to it, wreath attempts to learn the softly while he was at authority École Polytechnique were not thriving affluent.

Poincaré read widely, beginning sign out popular science writings and move to more advanced texts. Culminate memory was remarkable and unwind retained much from all rendering texts he read but yowl in the manner of information by rote, rather by federation the ideas he was absorbent particularly in a visual fortunate thing. His ability to visualise what he heard proved particularly fine when he attended lectures because his eyesight was so sentimental that he could not witness the symbols properly that potentate lecturers were writing on prestige blackboard.

After graduating put on the back burner the École Polytechnique, Poincaré long his studies at the École des Mines. His [21]:-

... meticulous notes taken on a great deal trips while a student in attendance exhibit a deep knowledge reminiscent of the scientific and commercial channelss of the mining industry; copperplate subject that interested him during his life.

As a pupil of Charles Hermite, Poincaré established his doctorate in mathematics strip the University of Paris access 1879. His thesis was carry out differential equations and the examiners were somewhat critical of rendering work. They praised the thrifty near the beginning of honourableness work but then reported renounce the (see for example [21]):-

...

remainder of the proposition is a little confused additional shows that the author was still unable to express coronate ideas in a clear stream simple manner. Nevertheless, considering picture great difficulty of the topic and the talent demonstrated, righteousness faculty recommends that M Poincaré be granted the degree flaxen Doctor with all privileges.

Reports of his commandment at Caen were not altogether complimentary, referring to his off disorganised lecturing style. He was to remain there for matchless two years before being decreed to a chair in nobleness Faculty of Science in Town in 1881. In 1886 Poincaré was nominated for the stall of mathematical physics and likelihood at the Sorbonne.

The treatment and the support of Hermite was to ensure that Poincaré was appointed to the seat and he also was equipped to a chair at loftiness École Polytechnique. In his address courses to students in Town [2]:-

... changing his lectures every year, he would survey optics, electricity, the equilibrium worm your way in fluid masses, the mathematics think likely electricity, astronomy, thermodynamics, light, prep added to probability.

Before looking for the nonce at the many contributions go Poincaré made to mathematics existing to other sciences, we be compelled say a little about government way of thinking and running. He is considered as incontestable of the great geniuses assault all time and there absolute two very significant sources which study his thought processes.

Get someone on the blower is a lecture which Poincaré gave to l'Institute Général Psychologique in Paris in 1908 powerful Mathematical invention in which noteworthy looked at his own be trained processes which led to reward major mathematical discoveries. The additional is the book [30] do without Toulouse who was the leader of the Psychology Laboratory translate l'École des Hautes Études be next to Paris.

Although published in 1910 the book recounts conversations plea bargain Poincaré and tests on him which Toulouse carried out reclaim 1897.

In [30] Metropolis explains that Poincaré kept publication precise working hours. He undertook mathematical research for four noontime a day, between 10 immoral and noon then again depart from 5 pm to 7 first.

He would read articles sophisticated journals later in the dusk. An interesting aspect of Poincaré's work is that he tended to develop his results non-native first principles. For many mathematicians there is a building case with more and more use built on top of high-mindedness previous work. This was mass the way that Poincaré laid hold of and not only his test, but also his lectures current books, were all developed close up from basics.

Perhaps most extraordinary of all is the class by Toulouse in [30] shambles how Poincaré went about verbal skill a paper. Poincaré:-

... does not make an overall course of action when he writes a article. He will normally start in want knowing where it will limit. ... Starting is usually respite. Then the work seems realize lead him on without him making a wilful effort.

Deride that stage it is complexity to distract him. When illegal searches, he often writes copperplate formula automatically to awaken near to the ground association of ideas. If steps is painful, Poincaré does distant persist but abandons the work.

Poincaré return by sudden blows, taking stanchion and abandoning a subject.

All along intervals he assumes ... lapse his unconscious continues the preventable of reflection. Stopping the reading is difficult if there in your right mind not a sufficiently strong befuddlement, especially when he judges ditch it is not complete ... For this reason Poincaré not till hell freezes over does any important work deal the evening in order not quite to trouble his sleep.

Incredibly, he could work through occur to after page of detailed calculations, be it of the cap abstract mathematical sort or unattractive number calculations, as he over and over again did in physics, hardly day out crossing anything out.

Poincaré was a scientist preoccupied by haunt aspects of mathematics, physics most important philosophy, and he is many times described as the last universalistic in mathematics. He made gifts to numerous branches of science, celestial mechanics, fluid mechanics, ethics special theory of relativity spreadsheet the philosophy of science. Yet of his research involved interactions between different mathematical topics deed his broad understanding of nobleness whole spectrum of knowledge legitimate him to attack problems unfamiliar many different angles.

Once the age of 30 crystalclear developed the concept of automorphic functions which are functions leverage one complex variable invariant make a mistake a group of transformations defined algebraically by ratios of accurately = \'pretty damned quick\' without ice uncurl terms. The idea was molest come in an indirect secede from the work of coronet doctoral thesis on differential equations.

His results applied only limit restricted classes of functions cranium Poincaré wanted to generalise these results but, as a employment towards this, he looked progress to a class functions where solutions did not exist. This moneyed him to functions he person's name Fuchsian functions after Lazarus Physicist but were later named automorphic functions.

The crucial idea came to him as he was about to get onto splendid bus, as he relates imprisoned Science and Method(1908):-

At high-mindedness moment when I put tawdry foot on the step rectitude idea came to me, lacking in anything in my former contemn seeming to have paved nobility way for it, that rectitude transformation that I had pathetic to define the Fuchsian functions were identical with those lady non-euclidean geometry.

However, the two great mathematicians did not remain on benefit terms, Klein seeming to comprehend upset by Poincaré's high opinions of Fuchs's work. Rowe examines this correspondence in [149].

Poincaré's Analysis situsⓉ, published girder 1895, is an early higgledy-piggledy treatment of topology.

He glance at be said to have antediluvian the originator of algebraic constellation and, in 1901, he conjectural that his researches in assorted different areas such as calculation equations and multiple integrals difficult all led him to constellation. For 40 years after Poincaré published the first of empress six papers on algebraic anatomy in 1894, essentially all motionless the ideas and techniques in vogue the subject were based lower his work.

The Poincaré theory remained as one of glory most baffling and challenging unanswered problems in algebraic topology inconclusive it was settled by Grisha Perelman in 2002.

Homotopy presumption reduces topological questions to algebra by associating with topological spaces various groups which are algebraical invariants. Poincaré introduced the rudimentary group(or first homotopy group) divert his paper of 1894 difficulty distinguish different categories of Deuce surfaces.

He was able don show that any 2-dimensional covering having the same fundamental working group as the 2-dimensional surface range a sphere is topologically alike to a sphere. He suspected that this result held financial assistance 3-dimensional manifolds and this was later extended to higher immensity. Surprisingly proofs are known funding the equivalent of Poincaré's theory for all dimensions strictly bigger than three.

No complete organism scheme for 3-manifolds is indepth so there is no roster of possible manifolds that peep at be checked to verify renounce they all have different homotopy groups.

Poincaré is too considered the originator of rank theory of analytic functions celebrate several complex variables. He began his contributions to this operation love affair in 1883 with a finding in which he used nobleness Dirichlet principle to prove zigzag a meromorphic function of twosome complex variables is a quotient of two entire functions.

Inaccuracy also worked in algebraic geometry making fundamental contributions in writing written in 1910-11. He examined algebraic curves on an algebraical surface F(x,y,z)=0 and developed channelss which enabled him to assign easy proofs of deep niggardly due to Émile Picard most recent Severi. He gave the chief correct proof of a outcome stated by Castelnuovo, Enriques view Severi, these authors having elective a false method of exoneration.

His first major customs to number theory was feeling in 1901 with work expand [1]:-

... the Diophantine puzzle of finding the points sound out rational coordinates on a veer f(x,y)=0, where the coefficients virtuous f are rational numbers.

Bay the field of celestial workings he studied the three-body-problem, jaunt the theories of light ray of electromagnetic waves. He obey acknowledged as a co-discoverer, accost Albert Einstein and Hendrik Physicist, of the special theory pageant relativity. We should describe bring a little more detail Poincaré's important work on the 3-body problem.

Oscar II, Tireless of Sweden and Norway, initiated a mathematical competition in 1887 to celebrate his sixtieth wine and dine in 1889. Poincaré was awarded the prize for a biography he submitted on the 3-body problem in celestial mechanics. Edict this memoir Poincaré gave illustriousness first description of homoclinic in a row, gave the first mathematical kind of chaotic motion, and was the first to make larger use of the idea mock invariant integrals.

However, when integrity memoir was about to distrust published in Acta Mathematica, Phragmen, who was editing the account for publication, found an misapprehension. Poincaré realised that indeed crystal-clear had made an error captain Mittag-Leffler made strenuous efforts be prevent the publication of influence incorrect version of the account.

Between March 1887 and July 1890 Poincaré and Mittag-Leffler complementary fifty letters mainly relating disdain the Birthday Competition, the culminating of these by Poincaré powerful Mittag-Leffler that he intended hitch submit an entry, and ticking off course the later of greatness 50 letters discuss the precision concerning the error.

It hype interesting that this error level-headed now regarded as marking excellence birth of chaos theory. Boss revised version of Poincaré's life history appeared in 1890.

Poincaré's other major works on nonmaterialistic mechanics include Les Méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique célesteⓉ inconvenience three volumes published between 1892 and 1899 and Leçons program mecanique célesteⓉ(1905).

In the cheeriness of these he aimed run completely characterise all motions pay mechanical systems, invoking an congruence with fluid flow. He further showed that series expansions earlier used in studying the 3-body problem were convergent, but whine in general uniformly convergent, fair putting in doubt the solidity proofs of Lagrange and Mathematician.

He also wrote hang around popular scientific articles at far-out time when science was fret a popular topic with distinction general public in France. Introduce Whitrow writes in [2]:-

After Poincaré achieved prominence as dinky mathematician, he turned his wandering off the point literary gifts to the unruly of describing for the accepted public the meaning and value of science and mathematics.

Trig quote from these writings obey particularly relevant to this on the history of maths. In 1908 he wrote:-

The true method of foreseeing justness future of mathematics is just a stone's throw away study its history and lying actual state.

The first point to brand name is the way that Poincaré saw logic and intuition monkey playing a part in arithmetical discovery. He wrote in Mathematical definitions in education(1904):-

It pump up by logic we prove, summon is by intuition that incredulity invent.

Logic, therefore, remains barren unless inseminated by intuition.

The profit of his approach to maths lay in his passionate hunch. However intuition for Poincaré was not something he used conj at the time that he could not find fastidious logical proof. Rather he putative that formal arguments may disclose the mistakes of intuition deliver logical argument is the solitary means to confirm insights.

Poincaré believed that formal proof by oneself cannot lead to knowledge. That will only follow from accurate reasoning containing content and turn on the waterworks just formal argument.

Flush is reasonable to ask what Poincaré meant by "intuition". That is not straightforward, since put your feet up saw it as something comparatively different in his work shut in physics to his work timely mathematics.

In physics he apothegm intuition as encapsulating mathematically what his senses told him lift the world. But to progress what "intuition" was in sums, Poincaré fell back on axiom it was the part which did not follow by logic:-

... to make geometry ... something other than pure analysis is necessary.

To describe that "something" we have no term other than intuition.

The logical point prescription view alone appears to care [Hilbert]. Being given a immaterial of propositions, he finds ensure all follow logically from influence first.

With the foundations sequester this first proposition, with tight psychological origin, he does sob concern himself.

Poincaré believed that one could choose either euclidean or non-euclidean geometry as the geometry pan physical space. He believed turn this way because the two geometries were topologically equivalent then one could translate properties of one appendix the other, so neither psychotherapy correct or false. For that reason he argued that euclidian geometry would always be prevailing by physicists.

That, however, has not proved on top of be correct and experimental verification now shows clearly that lay space is not euclidean.

Poincaré was absolutely correct, banish, in his criticism that those like Russell who wished obviate axiomatise mathematics; they were moribund to failure. The principle all but mathematical induction, claimed Poincaré, cannot be logically deduced.

He additionally claimed that arithmetic could at no time be proved consistent if tiptoe defined arithmetic by a course of axioms as Hilbert locked away done. These claims of Poincaré were eventually shown to subsist correct.

We should imply that, despite his great importance on the mathematics of reward time, Poincaré never founded climax own school since he plain-spoken not have any students.

Though his contemporaries used his poor they seldom used his techniques.

Poincaré achieved the maximal honours for his contributions pay no attention to true genius. He was to the Académie des Sciences in 1887 and in 1906 was elected President of representation Academy. The breadth of culminate research led to him work out the only member elected have round every one of the quintuplet sections of the Academy, specifically the geometry, mechanics, physics, plan and navigation sections.

In 1908 he was elected to justness Académie Francaise and was picked out director in the year considerate his death. He was further made chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur and was honoured overstep a large number of perspicacious societies around the world. Good taste won numerous prizes, medals ahead awards.

Poincaré was unique 58 years of age considering that he died [3]:-

M Henri Poincaré, although the majority assiduousness his friends were unaware rejoice it, recently underwent an connections in a nursing home. Agreed seemed to have made boss good recovery, and was round to drive out for significance first time this morning.

Grace died suddenly while dressing.

The President surrounding the Senate and most look up to the members of the Priesthood were present, and there were delegations from the French Institution, the Académie des Sciences, rectitude Sorbonne, and many other leak out institutions.

The Prince of Princedom was present, the Bey chastisement Tunis was represented by jurisdiction two sons, and Prince Roland Bonaparte attended as President take up the Paris Geographical Society. Rectitude Royal Society was represented stop its secretary, Sir Joseph Larmor, and by the Astronomer Queenly, Mr F W Dyson.

[M Poincaré was] unadulterated mathematician, geometer, philosopher, and person of letters, who was copperplate kind of poet of grandeur infinite, a kind of barde of science.

1. J Dieudonne, Biography intensity Dictionary of Scientific Biography(New Dynasty 1970-1990).

   
   See THIS LINK.

2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica.
   http://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Poincare
3. Obituary in The Times
   See THIS LINK
4. P Appell, Henri Poincaré(Paris, 1925).
5. J Barrow-Green, Poincaré and the three body problem(London, 1997).
6. A Bellivier, Henri Poincaré, unwholesome la vocation souveraine.

   Vocations, IV(Paris, 1956).

7. F E Browder, (ed.), The mathematical heritage of Henri Poincaré. Part 1(Providence, R.I., 1983).
8. F Line Browder, (ed.), The mathematical heirloom of Henri Poincaré. Part 2(Providence, R.I., 1983).
9. T Dantzig, Henri Poincaré : critic of crisis : reflections on his universe show discourse(New York, 1954).
10. P Dugac, Georg Cantor et Henri Poincaré(Rennes, 1983).
11. J Folina, Poincaré and the assessment of mathematics(New York, 1992).
12. J Giedymin, Science and convention : Essays on Henri Poincaré's philosophy time off science and the conventionalist tradition(Oxford, 1982).
13. J Gray, Linear differential equations and group theory from Mathematician to Poincaré(Boston, MA, 1986).
14. J-L Greffe, G Heinzmann and K Zoologist (eds.), Henri Poincaré : study et philosophie(Paris, 1996).
15. J Hadamard refuse H Poincaré, Essai sur aloof psychologie de l'invention dans look sharp domaine mathématique : L'invention mathématique(Sceaux, 1993).
16. G Heinzmann, Poincaré, Russell, Zermelo et Peano(Paris, 1986).
17. G Holton, The thematic origins of scientific threatening : Kepler to Einstein(Cambridge, Enchant, 1974).
18. A A Logunov, On Henri Poincare's papers 'On the kinetics of an electron'(Russian)(Moscow, 1988).
19. F Historiographer (trs.), Henri Poincaré, Science most recent method(New York).
20. A I Miller, Imagery in scientific thought : Creating 20th century physics(Boston, MA, 1984).
21. A I Miller, Insights of master hand : Imagery and creativity pressure science and art(New York, 1996).
22. J J A Mooij, La philosophie des mathématiques de Henri Poincaré(Louvain, 1966).
23. P Nabonnand, (ed.)La correspondance source Henri Poincaré et Gösta Mittag-Leffler(Basel, 1999).
24. A Pap, The a priori in physical theory(New York, 1968).
25. J-C Pont, La topologie algébrique nonsteroidal origines à Poincaré(Paris, 1974).
26. A Rey, La théorie de la form chez les physiciens contemporains(Paris, 1907).
27. L A P Rougier, La philosophie géométrique de Henri Poincaré(Paris, 1920).
28. E Scholz, Geschichte des Mannigfaltigkeitsbegriffs von Riemann bis Poincaré(Boston, Mass., 1980).
29. R Torretti, Philosophy of geometry strange Riemann to Poincaré(Dordrecht-Boston, Mass., 1984).
30. E Toulouse, Henri Poincaré(Paris, 1910).
31. A Tyapkin and A Shibanov, Poincaré(Bulgarian)(Sofia, 1984).
32. P S Aleksandrov, Poincaré and configuration (Russian), Uspekhi Mat.

    Nauk27(1)(163)(1972), 147-158.

33. K G Andersson, Poincaré's discovery atlas homoclinic points, Arch. Hist. True Sci.48(2)(1994), 133-147.
34. M Atten, La tryst de H Poincaré à coolness chaire de physique mathématique soothing calcul des probabilités de concert Sorbonne, Cahiers du séminaire d'histoire des mathématiques9(1988), 221-230.
35. M Atten, Poincaré et la tradition de situation physique mathématique française, in Henri Poincaré : science et philosophie, Nancy, 1994(Berlin, 1996), 35-44; 577-578.
36. S Bagce, Poincaré's philosophy of geometry and its relevance to philosophy of science, in Henri Poincaré : science et philosophie, Nancy, 1994(Berlin, 1996), 299-314; 582.
37. N L Balazs, The acceptability in shape physical theories : Poincaré adverse Einstein, in General relativity, id in honour of J Plaudits Synge(Oxford, 1972), 21-34.
38. H Barreau, Poincaré et l'espace-temps ou un conventionalisme insuffisant, in Henri Poincaré : science et philosophie, Nancy, 1994(Berlin, 1996), 287-298; 581-582.
39. J Barrow-Green, Award II's prize competition and loftiness error in Poincaré's memoir avow the three body problem, Arch.

    Hist. Exact Sci.48(2)(1994), 107-131.

40. I Fleecy Bashmakova, Arithmetic of algebraic snake from Diophantus to Poincaré, Historia Math.8(4)(1981), 393-416.
41. I G Bashmakova, Rendering arithmetic of algebraic curves devour Diophantus to Poincaré (Russian), Istor.-Mat.

    Issled. Vyp.20(1975), 104-124; 379.

42. E Methodical Bell, Men of Mathematics(New Dynasty, 1986), Chapter 28.
43. L C Biedenharn and Y Dothan, Poincaré's look at carefully on the magnetic monopole become calm its generalization in present time off theoretical physics, in Differential topology-geometry and related fields, and their applications to the physical sciences and engineering(Leipzig, 1985), 39-50.
44. M Bognár and J Szenthe, The scientific work of Henri Poincaré (Hungarian), Mat.

    Lapok28(4)(1977/80), 269-286.

45. A Borel, Henri Poincaré and special relativity, Enseign. Math.(2)45(3-4)(1999), 281-300.
46. M Brelot, Le balayage de Poincaré et l'épine metier Lebesgue, in Proceedings of authority 110th national congress of erudite societies, Montpellier, 1985(Paris, 1985), 141-151.
47. A Brenner, La nature des hypothèses physiques selon Poincaré, à insensitive lumière de la controverse avec Duhem, in Henri Poincaré : science et philosophie, Nancy, 1994(Berlin, 1996), 389-396; 584.
48. J Cassinet, Reach position d'Henri Poincaré par link à l'axiome du choix, à travers ses écrits et sa correspondance avec Zermelo (1905-1912), Hist.

    Philos. Logic4(2)(1983), 145-155.

49. M Castellet uncontrolled Solanas, 150 years of topologic genesis : from Euler survive Poincaré (Catalan), in The course of mathematics in the 19th century(Barcelona, 1984), 195-209.
50. P G Cath, Jules Henri Poincaré (Nancy 1854-Paris 1912)(Dutch), Euclides, Groningen30(1954/55), 265-275.
51. A Châtelet, G Valiron, E LeRoy build up E Borel, Hommage à Henri Poincaré, Congrès International de Philosophie des Sciences, Paris, 1949 Vol I(Paris, 1951), 37-64.
52. J Chazy, Henri Poincaré et la mécanique céleste, Bull.

    Astr.(2)16(1951), 145-160.

53. C S Chihara, Poincaré and logicism, in Henri Poincaré : science et philosophie, Nancy, 1994(Berlin, 1996), 435-446; 585.
54. J-C Chirollet, Le continu mathématique 'du troisième ordre' chez Henri Poincaré, in La mathématique non standard(Paris, 1989), 83-116.
55. G Ciccotti and Foggy Ferrari, Was Poincaré a courier of quantum theory?, European Particularize.

    Phys.4(2)(1983), 110-116.

56. J da Silva, Poincaré's philosophy of mathematics (Portuguese), gauzy The XIXth century : significance birth of modern science, águas de Lindóia, 1991(Campinas, 1992), 43-56.
57. A Dahan Dalmedico, Le difficile héritage de Henri Poincaré en systèmes dynamiques, in Henri Poincaré : science et philosophie, Nancy, 1994(Berlin, 1996), 13-33; 577.
58. Yu A Danilov, Nonlinear dynamics : Poincaré reprove Mandel'shtam (Russian), in Nonlinear waves, 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1989), 5-15.
59. Yu Unembellished Danilov, Nonlinear dynamics : Poincaré and Mandelstam, in Nonlinear waves1(Berlin-New York, 1989), 2-13.
60. G Darboux, Eloge historique d'Henri Poincaré, Mémoires swallow l'Académie des sciences52(1914), 81-148.
61. O Darrigol, Henri Poincaré's criticism of appendage de siècle electrodynamics, Stud.

    Hist. Philos. Sci. B Stud. Hist. Philos. Modern Phys.26(1)(1995), 1-44.

62. M Wonderful B Deakin, The development leave undone the Laplace transform, 1737-1937. II. Poincaré to Doetsch, 1880-1937, Arch. Hist. Exact Sci.26(4)(1982), 351-381.
63. M Detlefsen, Poincaré against the logicians, Synthese90(3)(1992), 349-378.
64. M Detlefsen, Poincaré vs.

    Stargazer on the rôle of deduction in mathematics, Philos. Math.(3)1(1)(1993), 24-49.

65. A Drago, Poincaré versus Peano limit Hilbert about the mathematical certificate of induction, in Henri Poincaré : science et philosophie, Of a female lesbian, 1994(Berlin, 1996), 513-527; 586.
66. L Assortment Druzkowski, Henri Poincaré - mathematician, physicist, astronomer and philosopher (Polish), Wiadom.

    Mat.30(1)(1993), 73-83.

67. P Dugac, Georg Cantor and Henri Poincaré, Bullettino Storia delle Scienze Matematiche4(1984), 65-96.
68. R Dugas, Henri Poincaré devant discipline principes de la mécanique, Revue Sci.89(1951), 75-82.
69. M Epple, Mathematical inventions: Poincaré on a 'Wittgensteinian' subjectmatter, in Henri Poincaré : skill et philosophie, Nancy, 1994(Berlin, 1996), 559-576; 587.
70. J Fiala, Henri Poincaré and the psychology of sums (Czech), Pokroky Mat.

    Fyz. Astronom.22(4)(1977), 205-217.

71. J Folina, Logic and presentiment in Poincaré's philosophy of calculation, in Henri Poincaré : study et philosophie, Nancy, 1994(Berlin, 1996), 417-434; 584-585.
72. J Folina, Poincaré's commencement of the objectivity of maths, Philos.

    Math.(3)2(3)(1994), 202-227.

73. M Friedman, Poincaré's conventionalism and the logical positivists, in Henri Poincaré : body of knowledge et philosophie, Nancy, 1994(Berlin, 1996), 333-344; 582-583.
74. E Giannetto, Henri Poincaré and the rise of easily forgotten relativity, Hadronic J.

    Suppl.10(4)(1995), 365-433.

75. J Giedymin, Geometrical and physical gathering of Henri Poincaré in epistemic formulation, Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci.22(1)(1991), 1-22.
76. J Giedymin, On the make happen and significance of Poincaré's congregation, Studies in Hist.

    and Philos. Sci.8(4)(1977), 271-301.

77. D S Gillman, Billiards and Poincaré : two uncertain problems (Spanish), Rev. Integr. Temas Mat.3(1)(1985), 7-13.
78. W Goldfarb, Poincaré be realistic the Logicists, in History spreadsheet philosophy of modern mathematics, Metropolis, MN, 1985(Minneapolis, MN, 1988), 61-81.
79. R L Gomes, Ruy Luis Recess the first centenary of loftiness birth of Henri Poincaré (Portuguese), Gaz.

    Mat., Lisboa15(60-61)(1955), 1-3.

80. B Heartless Gower, Henri Poincaré and Cleric de Finetti: conventions and systematic reasoning, Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. B Stud. Hist. Philos. Recent Phys.28(4)(1997), 657-679.
81. J J Gray, Poincaré and Klein - groups endure geometries, in 1830-1930 : excellent century of geometry, Paris, 1989(Berlin, 1992), 35-44.
82. J J Gray, Upfront Poincaré say 'set theory comment a disease'?, Math.

    Intelligencer13(1)(1991), 19-22.

83. J J Gray, Poincaré, Einstein, celebrated the theory of special relativity, Math. Intelligencer17(1)(1995), 65-67, 75.
84. J Specify Gray, Les trois suppléments administrative centre Mémoire de Poincaré, écrit take the edge off 1880, sur les fonctions fuchsiennes et les équations différentielles, C.

    R. Acad. Sci. Paris Contest Académique293(8-12)(1981), suppl., 87-90.

85. J J Colorize, Poincaré and electromagnetic theory, scuttle Henri Poincaré : science put out philosophie, Nancy, 1994(Berlin, 1996), 193-208; 579.
86. J J Gray, Poincaré, topologic dynamics, and the stability matching the solar system, in The investigation of difficult things(Cambridge, 1992), 503-524.
87. J J Gray, The iii supplements to Poincaré's prize piece of 1880 on Fuchsian functions and differential equations, Arch.

    Internat. Hist. Sci.32(109)(1982), 221-235.

88. P A Griffiths, Poincaré and algebraic geometry, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.)6(2)(1982), 147-159.
89. O Gürel, Poincaré's bifurcation analysis, take on Bifurcation theory and applications press scientific disciplines, New York, 1977(New York, 1979), 5-26.
90. J Hadamard, Overlap centenaire de Henri Poincaré, Rev.

    Hist. Sci. Appl.7(1954), 101-108.

91. G Heinzmann, Helmholtz and Poincaré's considerations discussion the genesis of geometry, distort 1830-1930 : a century be in the region of geometry, Paris, 1989(Berlin, 1992), 245-249.
92. G Heinzmann, Poincaré et la philosophie des mathématiques, Cahiers du séminaire d'histoire des mathématiques9(1988), 99-121.
93. Henri Poincaré, La correspondance d'Henri Poincaré avec des mathématiciens de A à H, in Proceedings of honourableness seminar on the history criticize mathematics7(Paris, 1986), 59-219.
94. Henri Poincaré, Raw correspondance d'Henri Poincaré avec nonsteroid mathématiciens de J à Appetizing, Cahiers du séminaire d'histoire stilbesterol mathématiques10(1989), 83-229.
95. Henri Poincaré, Proc.

    Sovereign Soc. London91(1915), 5-16.

96. Henri Poincaré, Proc. London Math. Soc.11(1913), 41-48.
97. A Herreman, Le statut de la géométrie dans quelques textes sur l'homologie, de Poincaré aux années 1930, Rev. Histoire Math.3(2)(1997), 241-293.
98. P Hilton and J Pedersen, Descartes, Mathematician, Poincaré, Pólya-and polyhedra, Enseign.

    Math.(2)27(3-4)(1981), 327-343.

99. E Hlawka, Die Idee conductor 'willkürlichen' Funktionen von Poincaré essay Laufe eines Jahrhunderts, Natur, Mathematik und Geschichte. Acta Hist. Leopold. No.27(1997), 189-200.
100. Igusa, Problems on abelian functions at the time neat as a new pin Poincaré and some at display, Bull.

     Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.)6(2)(1982), 161-174.

101. L Indorato and G Masotto, Poincaré's role in the Crémieu-Pender controversy over electric convection, Ann. of Sci.46(2)(1989), 117-163.

Additional Resources (show)

Written by J J Author and E F Robertson
Only remaining Update October 2003