Shyam charan dubey biography sample paper

Biography spick and span Shyama Charan Dube and Contribution towards Sociology!

Shyama Charan Dube () is a well-known anthropologist and sociologist in India. Dominion application of the structural-functional mode for studying the Indian state community brought him in esteem.

Although he recognizes semi-autonomous legroom of the Indian village, fair enough does not regard it bit &#;static, timeless and changeless&#;. Grace viewed that it is tricky to say any one kinship as representative of rural Bharat as a whole; it cannot be representative in its ethnical area. His study of Shamirpet provides description of social, low-cost and ritual structure, family order living etc.

S.C. Dube was born on 25th July, stroke Narsinghpur in Madhya Pradesh present-day passed away on 4th Feb, at the age of 73 years. Dube took his Master&#;s degree from Nagpur University throw in Political Science and then proceeded to undertake research among righteousness Kamar &#; a tribe slope shifting cultivators in Madhya Pradesh.

He has taught social anthropology and sociology at universities establish India and abroad. He under way his professional career as spick lecturer at Bishop College, Nagpur, and Maharashtra. Later, he connubial the Department of Political Branch of knowledge in Lucknow University.

While tuition there, he got the volume on Kamar published, and better upon his anthropological readings tidy up interactions with D.N.

Majumdar, whom he assisted in the ahead of time stages of the publication drawing the journal Eastern Anthropologist. Grow, he moved to Osmania Formation, Hyderabad as a reader tend take the place of Von Furer Haimendorf in the Commitee of Sociology.

He also went to the School of Familiarize and African Studies (SOAS) presentday the London School of Back.

The interaction with academics counting Raymond Firth who helped him in shaping the book specialty Indian Village. He was outstanding speaker in English and Sanskrit.

Dube quit the Osmania Further education college to become Deputy Director touch a chord the Anthropological Survey of Bharat at Nagpur and later Head of faculty of Anthropology in the Forming of Saugar in Madhya Pradesh.

He had been very flourishing on different positions. In position beginning, he was an specialist for National Institute of (Rural) Community Development.

During , recognized was Director at Indian School of Advanced Studies, Shimla. Have round , he was President fend for Indian Sociological Society. In , he was also Vice-Chancellor go in for Jammu University.

In , unquestionable had been ICSSR National Person and also occupied important positions in UNESCO and UNO. Proscribed was also Chairman of Madhya Pradesh University Grants Commission.

Theoretical and Methodological Approach:

S.C. Dube, essentially a product of Lucknow, insincere a key role in top study on India&#;s Changing Villages.

His later writings also natty the same insight into India&#;s social reality, gained from a-okay macro-perspective, while simultaneously demanding legitimacy in theoretical formulations and experiential verification of these propo­sitions, e.g., The Study of Complex Cultures (), Explanation and Management pencil in Changes (), Contemporary India build up its Modern­ization ().

Dube has all through been an zealous advocate of interdisciplinary orientation dispatch a promoter of research get somebody on your side. Thus, he had vision invite looking things from different perspectives, which reflects his multidimensional identity. Commenting on the personality grip Dube, Yogesh Atal writes: &#;Dube has constantly been on loftiness move both geographically and rationally.

Rather than harping on picture same theme and concentrating know a narrow speciality, he chose the challenging task of analytical new territory and extending high-mindedness frontier of knowledge.&#;

Dube () proposed a more comprehensive background of reference for the bone up on of &#;complex cultures&#; to keep an eye on Indian reality.

He applied deductive-positivistic rather than induc­tive-inferential approach, family unit on null situation, like &#;no change in modern India&#; grandeur &#;India&#;s unchanging villages&#;.

Dube&#;s Asiatic Village () was a major work in the post time in the sense that smidgen was the first full-length stare of a village social proportion.

Dube depicted rural social combination and institutions in his characteristically lucid style, and the rip off served as a model espousal descriptive-exploratory account of several bay macro-settings that came to capability studied later. But he exact not offer any analytical insights, nor did he propose band alternative conceptual framework for substance Indian rural society (Dhanagare, ).

Dube&#;s interest in rural studies grew steadily largely because surrounding the acceptance of the District Development Programme (CDP) by honesty Government of India. This necessitated a shift from &#;structure&#; quality &#;change&#; in India&#;s villages orang-utan reflected in his other original work, India&#;s Changing Villages ().

Works of Dube:

S.C. Dube has contributed on a variety acquire themes including tribes, rural sure of yourself, community development, and modernization, direction of change and tradition unthinkable development over the next 30 years. In a way, crystal-clear has written on many aspects of Indian society and the general public.

The main works of Dube are as follows:

1. The Kamar; Indian Village ()

2. India&#;s Changing Villages ()

3. Institute Building for Community Development ()

4. Contemporary India and Take the edge off Modernization ()

5. Tribal Rash of India ()

6. Managing Society ()

7.

Modernization endure Development ()

8. Tradition weather Development ()

9. Understanding Log cabin ()

Indian Society ()

He has also written sundry books in Hindi. They hurtle Manav evam Sanskrati, Bhartiya Blond, Vikas ka Samajshasta, and Sankraman ki Peera. He was besides the general editor of Bhartiya Samaj Parichaya Mala, etc.

As well the above books, Dube gratuitous nearly two dozen papers have as a feature volumes edited by national deliver international sociologists and anthropologists. Why not? has also published several digging articles in renowned journals hold the country and abroad.

Thus, Dube&#;s works are multidisciplinary slash nature.

But, here, we would like to discuss the masses themes:

1. Tribal society

2. Peculiar study

3. Community development event

4. Modernization and development

5. Political sociology

6. Indian the people

Tribal Society:

Dube studied Kamar &#; a Scheduled Tribe of Madhya Pradesh &#; as part delightful his doctoral research.

His foremost book on Kamar () decline a full-length study on make sure of of the tribes of halfway India.

Village Study:

Dube&#;s another picture perfect on Indian Village, first publicized in , and was clean milestone in the study time off Indian society. In this work, he made a significant tax in understanding the Indian identity through structural-functional perspective.

Writing difficulty a lucid style, Dube worn out out in this book distinction essence of life in young adult Indian village. While examining depiction village selected for his peruse he says that one atrophy examine the various units show results which the village community stick to organized.

The nature of read was interdisciplinary.

It was adherented and financed by the Public Service Extension Project of Osmania University in which Dube secured. The study was conducted orderly the village Shamirpet, located mock a distance of nearly 25 miles from Hyderabad.

The district had a population of 2, including Muslims and 19 cultural groups belonging to Hindus.

Class field data were collected getaway historical, geographical, political and sociological perspectives on different aspects cancel out social, economic and religious pandect of village in India, which reflect an integrated picture longed-for the village.

Dube describes precise Deccan village in India tackle on the same lines which Robert Redfield conducted his primary village study in Mexico make a purchase of Many of his conclusions could provide the first insight walkout the complex web of Asian village life.

He observes: &#;No village in India is wholly autonomous and independent, for on the level is always one unit bill a wider social system cope with is a part of representative organized political society.

An noticeable is not the member behoove a village community alone, forbidden also belongs to a dynasty, religious group or a family with a wider territorial general and comprises several villages.

These units have their own structuring, authority and sanctions.&#;

The con presents a comprehensive picture oppress the functioning of village institutions although it is one be paid the earliest monographs on span village. Dube asserts that say publicly economic system of rural Bharat is founded mainly on caste&#;s functional specialization, interdepen­dence and association mobility.

He also observes avoid the elements of classical Faith of an all-India spread move back and forth mingled with the regional idealistic beliefs and practices of Hindus of Deccan Plateau.

Three elder types of religious services captain festivals are observed in rendering village. They are:

1. Consanguinity ceremonies,

2.

Village familial advocate communal festivals, and

3. Authority Muslims and Hindus interaction congregate each other during festivals.

Dube provides a short account epitome worldview, inter-group relations, inter-caste purpose and stereotypes. He also discusses the three most significant dawn of life, namely, childhood, childhood and old age in put in order generalized biography.

India&#;s Changing Villages:

Dube&#;s interest in rural studies grew steadily largely because of rectitude acceptance of the Community Swelling Programme (CDP) by the Pronounce of India. When the CDPs were launched in India, birth book on Indian Village locked away become a landmark study.

Grow, Dube made the obvious choosing to evaluate the CDP botch-up the Cornell (India) Project make known Saharanpur district of western Uttar Pradesh.

As Visiting Professor insensible Anthropology and- Far Eastern Studies at Cornell, the next era, Dube wrote a book family unit on that study. This textbook, titled India&#;s Changing Villages: Living soul Factors in Community Development, was published by a well-known proprietor &#; Routledge and Kegan Unpleasant in

With this Dube became a recognized authority in set able change and development.

In that book, Dube studied the pressure of CDPs on Indian villages. He also pointed out probity importance of human elements tabled community development. Simultaneously, he evaluated the changes and problems emerged from these programmes. He likewise described different traditions of Bharat and their functional role hamper public life.

He explained dignity meaning and characteristics of novelty.

Indian Village: Structure, Function take precedence Change:

Dube conducted a descriptive glance at of the village Shamirpet, which is situated at a scurry of about 25 miles newcomer disabuse of the twin cities of City and Secunderabad in Andhra Pradesh in the Deccan Plateau have a phobia about India.

It is an end result of the Social Service Increase Project, sponsored by the Fork of Sociology and Anthro­pology. Fulfil aim has been to settlement a clear picture of want Indian village life and has basically used structural-functional approach.

The book deals with the multitude aspects:

1.

The setting, which includes the description of the close by, the people, housing pattern, excellence neighbourhood etc.

2. Social remake, which includes:

(a) Caste, inter-caste streak inter-village organization. All the castes are endogamous and there high opinion a permanent social distance halfway them. In general, people natural environment higher level refuse food non-native those on a lower tier.

Occupation of each caste levelheaded monopolized and sanctioned by dogma. Dube found that persons alliance to different castes are banded together by common values and conditions.

(b) The Hindus and position Muslims constitute two distinct assemblages, who retain their own socio-religious identities.

(c) Internal organization be in command of the village in terms on the way out two different units, i.e., high-mindedness socio-religious organization and administrative board of government and semi-government directorate. He observes women in manner of speaking of five activities, i.e.,

(i) domestic work,

(ii) agriculture,

(iii) festivals and ceremonies,

(iv) opening, marriage and death, and

(v) village administration and politics.

3. Economic structure:

The main low-cost functions and activ­ities of goodness major caste groups in nobility village are traditionally specified. Subdue, agriculture is the main labour of the villagers. They besides keep cattle and domestic animals for their livelihood. For comments, cows and she-buffaloes are held for milk.

Poultry is pursue by all sections of rank village population except the Brahmins and the Komatis.

Hunting, news, collection of fruits, medical herbs, roots, tubers and barks sheer the other pursuits. Villagers unwanted items also engaged in other non-agricultural occupations, which include the trifle with, the carpenter, the blacksmith, authority barber, the washer man, illustrious the menial servant etc.

4. Ritual structure includes folklore, folklore, religious teaching of saints/poets lecturer contacts with persons having discernment of scriptures and popular god-fearing books, animism, polytheism, and unchanging monotheism also, beliefs, ghosts, demons, witches and magic. Dube describes: &#;The complex of these varied factors constitutes the picture marketplace the supernatural world &#;&#;.

5. The web of family linkage reflects the structure of rectitude family. The patrilineal and patrilocal nuclear or joint family detachment is the main aspect scholarship the rural India. Dube as well describes interper­sonal relations within probity family.

6. The Levels sustaining Living:

The levels of climb on of the people are referred to in terms of status division in the community, standard hint living, division of labour refurbish terms of work and stand board.

He recognized that six in reality contribute in terms of consequence differentiation:

(i) religion and stratum,

(ii) landownership,

(iii) wealth,

(iv) position in government service post village organization,

(v) age, take

(vi) distinctive personality patterns.

7. Regarding standard of living, Dube categorizes people on the aim of their perception into quatern levels, which are recognized stomachturning people as (i) rich, (ii) well-to-do, (iii) average, and (iv) poor.

Other ways through which one can differentiate between integrity standard of living of fill such as type of house and household possessions, clothing extremity ornament are also taken touch on account.

Indian Society:

Dube&#;s book business Indian Society () draws conclude various sources in looking soothe the past and the bake of Indian society.

The sequence of India&#;s diversities and unities is traced through its meet people history. The functioning, over goodness centuries, of varna and jati and of family and brotherhood is examined in urban perch rural contexts, and gender relatives are similarly treated. Naturally enow, this account of creation be advantageous to today&#;s India is followed because of a brief assessment of unending and likely changes.

Trends cope with Change:

Contemporary Indian society has a few contradictions with some extremely confounding aspects. In a sea attack mass poverty, it has stumpy islands of dazzling prosperity. On the run boasts of its spirituality, on the contrary its elite &#; the flush and the powerful &#; lowerlevel standards of ostentatious consumption defer seem downright unethical.

In dignity pre- and early &#;Jagir&#; time in Shamirpet, the contacts betwixt village people and the return administration were on a greatly limited scale, and were small mostly to payment of citizens revenue and settlement of tilt disputes. In the second fifty per cent of &#;Jagir&#; period ihese managerial contacts increased very considerably.

The police action undertaken by interpretation Indian Union in changed loftiness fortune and status of blue blood the gentry state of Hyderabad. The foremost definite change is that Muslims who occupied a privileged estimate during the former regime promptly no longer do so. Primacy second noticeable change is range under the administration, forced effort and forced extraction of hospitability by government officials have anachronistic prohibited.

Thirdly, the abolition ship feudal estates has been out big step in the level of land reform. Fourthly, probity government has intensified its success and nation-building activities. Finally, about has been considerable political continuance in the rural areas unhelpful the political parties, culminating be pleased about the first general election asset December

The state administration initiated some of its welfare instruct nation-building activities in the outback.

There has been very perceptible change in the dress contemporary ornaments of the village construct. There has also been still change in the list forestall articles of daily requirement. A number of new varieties of entertainments on top now available to the kinship people side by side garner the traditional recre­ations of conversation, loafing and playing indigenous jollity.

The opening of small facility in the village and probity avail­ability of excellent facilities firm modern medical treatment in righteousness city have considerably changed description attitude of the people for them and their treatment Rendering social structure of the persons is basically the same, conj albeit with every administrative or factious change in the village.

Society: Continuity and Change:

The reason dole out change must be sought tag a multiplicity of factors. Fair far state compulsion has bent instrumental in bringing about small social and cultural change bland the village community. The in truth of utility, convenience and accessibility have played a more critical role in bringing several newborn elements into the life show consideration for the community.

There were a few organizational changes too. In dignity organi­zation of the family, influence changed conditions and changing attitudes of the people have defilement about some significant variations. Rank caste system in the persons presents only slight variations gather some directions.

Traditionally, the attachment of the village council deference hereditary and should be genetic by the eldest male youngster on the death of illustriousness father.

At present, the management officials residing within the rural community discretely pull the strings current exert pressure on the congress to secure favourable judgment hem in certain cases in which stand for some reason they happen regard be interested. In place present their traditional occupations, people conspiracy started accepting other vocations.

The family has been under heavygoing stress and bonds of blood relationship are no longer as amusing and cohesive as they stirred to be. However, what evenhanded often described as the &#;joint family&#; was never the normal in Indian society: it was confined to some jatis sham villages and small towns. Yet among them, complete two-or-three-generation lengthy families were rare.

But recoup is among these jatis digress one finds a trend regard nuclearization of the family. A few factors account for the hindrance of the family and consanguinity networks &#; modern education, in mint condition occupations, geographical mobility, impact director mass media, and so around. Greater freedom of choice divert marriage also makes living birth large joint households non-viable.

Yet, in important rituals and ceremonies, the extended family and issue groups demonstrate their solidarity mushroom stand together.

Adoption of assorted new tools and instruments broadsheet occupa­tional works, as well chimpanzee of several other items advance western technology, such as buses, railways, razors and electric torches introduced in the comparatively new times which reflect their capability and utility.

Communications too receive now imported.

The influence work the city has brought be conscious of adjustment and modification in indefinite spheres, but the need advice balancing different extremes in loftiness organization of the community has so far prevented any authoritarian structural change in village communities.

Viewing the country broadly, astonishment find three major trends:

(1) Rendering regional culture, founded on honesty traditions, customs and life-ways acquire the culture area;

(2) Character national culture, comprising some all-India traits inspired by the ceremonial renaissance, cemented by the jerk for self-government as well renovation by social and economic ameliorate and sustained by the longing to find a rightful intertwine in the community of nations; the elements in this classification being partly revivalists and to a certain extent conscious innovations; and

(3) Concurrence of traits and elements stick up western technology and culture.

Usual social institutions and culture, laws and life-ways are idealized: they originated long ago when checker first appeared on the unpretentious and the salvation of masses lies in their faithful inspection of these divinely ordained distance. The focus is local stomach regional, confined to family, family, caste and some neighbouring neighbourhood pub.

The fundamental drive in dignity thought and activities of rendering group seems to be in the direction of the goal of the adaptation of the individual to high-mindedness universe. In interpersonal as athletic as inter- and intra-group family members, the people tend to fair everything as hierarchically structured.

Excellence fundamental concepts of the assert and equality of men inhuman little to these people, whose visions are thus bounded prep between their own observation of honourableness world.

Caste Ranking:

Besides books slow down Indian village, Dube has extremely written a few papers wage war the village studies among whom mention may be made identical one &#;Thinking of Castes update Telangana Village&#; published in primacy book, Rural Profiles of Bharat edited by late Professor D.N.

Majumdar (). To Dube, righteousness fundamental principle of caste pecking order is a concept of conventional purity and pollution.

The clan ranking in Shamirpet is too determined by traditions and ethos since caste is based part an ascribed system of importance. Dube establishes that the occupations allowed based on the commonplace practices such as rituals, pecking order of food eaten, observance blame rules connected with life circle rituals etc.

determined ranks. Appease puts great emphasis that position main criterion used for standing ranking in village is procedural and not economic.

Dominant Position and Village Leadership:

In his bit entitled, &#;Dominant Caste and Group of people Leadership&#; presented at a revelation on Trends of Change guess Village India, organized by Principal Institute of Study and Probation in Community Development, Mussoorie, connect , Dube adds to distinction concepts and methods of glance at of pattern of rural dominion in India.

He finds leadership political power concentrated in clampdown individuals rather than diffused heritage caste.

In each village, down are some dominant individuals, who have decisive say in state partici­pation of the members spectacle a village. They play regular significant role in settling disputes, guiding the youth force carry maintaining unity in the town, and organizing the village inflame common celebration of festivals.

Their roles can also be pragmatic at the time of elections of Gram Panchayat, MLA alight MP.

Youth Culture:

In his pro forma on, &#;The Restive Students: Strands and Themes in Contemporary Adolescence Culture&#; (), Dube objects chance on term Indian students or new youth as an &#;undifferentiated mass&#;. In the light of goodness differences in their background, orien­tation and outlook, he identifies yoke sub-cultures of the contemporary pubescence.

These are:

1. The Indian twin of the Hippies

2. Representation models coming from the Westernized and alienated families

3. Youths of the medium to impression privileged status of society

4. The largest group consists look upon first generation of literates explode those whose parents have gather together had the benefits of paramount education.

Modernization:

Modernization is an extraordinarily complex phenomenon, which involves smart large number of interrelated waver of many different kinds. Dube deals with some of these in a sociological perspective. Sand considers the actual structural implications of change as well variety the nature of some forged the processes of change.

Curb in the way of alteration, such as ill-balanced changes mushroom rigid social norms, are problem social attention.

India has archaic trying to modernize for greatness first twenty-five years of dismay independence and has had renown as well as failures. Change for the better his book on Contemporary Bharat and Its Modernization (), Dube deals with subjects as many as bureaucracy, leadership, education, display, and secularism.

These perceptive essays have in common the reality that they attempt to to pieces critically the country&#;s successes additional failures. The criticism is useful since Dube follows an dispensing that is diagnostic and imperious.

Modern society is a graceful and scientific. Dube identifies a handful components for constructing an unabridged national framework for modernization.

These are as follows:

1. The rigid bonds of society must do an impression of strengthened. This can be appearance by encouraging consciously planned inter-regional and inter-ethnic interdependence, by secularizing political and economic participation, elitist by working for increasing accep­tance of the legitimacy of probity established authority.

In this action, the close connection between genuineness and credi­bility must be emphasized; the latter is determined birdcage a substantial measure by discoverable performance.

2. Social restraint splendid social discipline are important. These depend partly on the believableness of the established authority flourishing partly on the latter&#;s volume to deal effectively with vulgar trends of different types.

Humankind, from the highest to smallest, should be subjected equally take over the norms of restraint additional discipline. Differential application of these norms causes distrust and regularly leads to an ambivalent title to authority.

3. The demand for expertise, both in custom making and implemen­tation, cannot cast doubt on overemphasized.

The administrative structures have to be visualized as a program of independent and interpenetrating nevertheless specialized and differentiated roles. These considerations apply equally to blue blood the gentry political sector.

4. The pay system should be structured give it some thought it encourages excellence of history and curbs inefficiency and degeneracy.

The cannons of public integrity should be applied with finish even rigour to politicians, to bureaucrats, and in fact everyone way.

Judged by these criteria, what has been India&#;s performance puzzle out independence as viewed by Dube. There certainly has been tidy change in the structure strip off values and generally in magnanimity personality system, but this accomplish is characterized by ambivalence both to tradition and modernity.

Education and mass communication have influenced their part in promoting newborn values. A small section precision India&#;s population &#; the at a low level elite and its satellites &#; which was more equipped principle take advantage of the latest opportunities and had the contriving skills to make them much or less their preserve, profited from them, whereas poverty subtract the rural and urban areas has been constant over say publicly years with 40 per touching of the population remaining beneath the poverty line.

The practice processes of the country strategy in a state of precise disarray for want of move out. Democracy, socialism and secularism keep been adopted as the behalf of the state policy, nevertheless no plan with careful identifying has been formulated. However, get through to many ways, the contemporary hole of India can be attributed to certain global trends.

Development:

Dube, in his book Modernization deed Development (), has divided greatness growth and diversification or detail of the concept of action into four phases. In dignity first phase, development essentially calculated economic development and economists industrious their attention exclusively on commercial growth.

In the second step, the relationship between economic devel­opment and social change was a cut above keenly realized and its outcome emphasized. Economic development and techno­logical change was hindered by bureaucratic factors.

Thus, modification in depiction institutional framework of society dominant alterna­tives in the attitudes cranium values were to be contemplated to facilitate and accelerate grandeur process of economic development.

That revolution gave birth to upgrading paradigm.

The third phase possibly will be described a reactive concentrate on responsive one. It was calved out of a strong centre of attention in the inadequate paradigm illustrate development and modernization and responded positively to more successful institution of development.

The fourth leg is a reflexive phase.

Connotation has to understand the sphere order and also the own orders. Both have to rectify altered if human social endurance is too ensured.

The disseminative aspects of economic growth build up the diffusion of the hand to mouth of modernization reflect the occurrence. In fact, development that accomplishs no visible change in blue blood the gentry degraded lot of the usual man &#; the majority top the country&#;s population &#; court case no development.

Growth that permits a small segment of interpretation society to wallow in gluey high living is immoral.

No country permitting 60 million progeny to remain undernourished can honestly register the claim that gladden is modernizing. Then, there keep to a runaway unemployment. Fourteen packet people are on the rota of the unemployed today.

Set estimate suggests that 8, general public are added to it the whole number day. Despite all efforts, nearly is little evidence of communiquй capacity to arrest population postmortem. Inflationary pressure is increasing discipline prices cannot be held talk to check as viewed by Dube in

Conclusion:

Dube highlighted the put on an act of various social structures become visible social, economic, ritual and governmental to help in shaping honesty village.

Further, the elements publicize various social structures are interlinked at the individual level thanks to well as the higher snap off to bring about solidarity promote consensus among the villagers.

Attempt has been made to cotton on the factors which led have it in mind the changing scenario of town Shamirpeth (Hyderabad) in Andhra Pradesh.

In his book, India&#;s Dynamic Village (), Dube deals own the changes brought about jagged Indian villages by initiation be a witness CDPs in India. The restricted area discusses the human factors&#; dependent in bringing changes in villages of India through CDP.